Republic of Uzbekistan

The National Anthem of the Republic of Uzbekistan (Uzbek: O`zbekiston Respublikasining Davlat Madhiyasi) came into being when Uzbekistan was a republic of the Soviet Union. Upon independence in 1991, lacking any prior history as a nation or prior national anthem, the old anthem as a Soviet republic, composed by Mutal Burhanov, was retained, but new lyrics by Abdulla Aripov were written.
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Celcius: 18°
Fahrenheit: 64°

Russia conquered Uzbekistan in the late 19th century. Stiff resistance to the Red Army after World War I was eventually suppressed and a socialist republic set up in 1924. During the Soviet era, intensive production of "white gold" (cotton) and grain led to overuse of agrochemicals and the depletion of water supplies, which have left the land poisoned and the Aral Sea and certain rivers half dry. Independent since 1991, the country seeks to gradually lessen its dependence on agriculture while developing its mineral and petroleum reserves. Current concerns include terrorism by Islamic militants, economic stagnation, and the curtailment of human rights and democratization.